Thepresenceofhydrologicalmodelsismotivatedbypracticalengineeringproblems.Hydrologicalmodelingiscreatedtounderstandtherelationshipbetweenrainfallandrunoffinthelate19thcenturyaimingtosolveengineeringproblemslikeurbansewerdesign,drainagesystemsdesign,andspil...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    1.2.1CalibrationanduncertaintyMosthydrologicalmodels,even“physical-based”distributedhydrologicalmodel,containparametersthatcannotbedirectlyinterpretedandmeasuredinthefield.Instead,theymustbecalibratedbycomparedproducedhydrographtohistoricalrecords,untilth...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    1.3.1FloodsimulationandforecastingAnimportantapplicationofhydrologicalmodelistheuseofmodelstransformingmeteorologicalprecipitationforecastsintoriverfloodforecasts.Theapplicationofwatershedmodelsrequirestheefficientmanagementoflargespatialandtemporaldatase...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Logically,catchment,rivernetwork,andcorrespondingattributesarethemainelementsweshouldobtainbeforewecansetupahydrologicalmodel.TheflowchartofhydrologicanalysiscanbeshowninFigure2-1.Indistributedhydrologicalmodeling,thefirstthingishydrologicalanalysisthatis...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    2.2.1RunoffgenerationIndistributedhydrologicalmodeling,theverticalcolumnisusuallystratifiedintofourlayers:vegetationcanopy,surfacelayer,soillayer,andgroundwateraquifer(Figure2-6).Precipitationgoesfirstthroughvegetationcanopywherecanopyinterceptionoccurs,a...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    TheDEMdataforthehydrologicanalysiscanbeobtainedfromtheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurveyHYDRO1K(website:http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/hydro/)intheresolutionofa1km×1kmgrid.DEMandthehydrologicalanalysismodule,includessinkfilling,flowdirectiongeneration,rivernet...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Withthefastdevelopmentofhydrologicalmodel,themodelcomplexityhasbeenincreased.Comparedtoconceptuallumpedmodel,distributedhydrologicalmodelrequireshighercomputationalcapability.Meanwhile,overparameterization(Beven,1989),hypernonlinearparameterspacecancausee...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    3.2.1Multi-objective(MO)problemAmulti-objectiveproblemcanbedescribedastoseekforanidealsetofparameterthatisabletominimizeormaximizetheobjectivevector.Theformulaoftheobjectivefunctioncanbedescribedasfollows:wherexistheinputdecisionvariablevector;yistheobjec...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Considerableprogressintheenhancementofdistributedcomputersystem(takingadvantageofmultiplenodessuchasclustersandservers)hasmadeitpossibletosolvehigh-dimensionalcomputationalprocesses(BeareandStevens,1997).however,thecostofequipment(clusters),maintenanceand...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Amodelingsystemcanprovidefunctionswithdataacquisition,processinginputs,manipulation,reportinganddisplayofmodelingresultsandinformationstorage.ThesefunctionscanberealizedbyintegratinghydrologicalmodelsandGISsystems.GISsystemhasthecapabilitytomanagelargevol...[繼續(xù)閱讀]