“看不見(jiàn)的手”與中國(guó)增長(zhǎng)奇跡:激勵(lì)機(jī)制還是資源配置機(jī)制?

摘要： 對(duì)于中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高增長(zhǎng)奇跡的解釋一般只集中在資源配置效率的提高,很少關(guān)注改革開(kāi)放對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)整體激勵(lì)機(jī)制之改進(jìn)。這樣一種只注重資源配置機(jī)制但忽視激勵(lì)機(jī)制的研究風(fēng)格很大程度上是受主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)"看不見(jiàn)的手"的解釋之影響,即"看不見(jiàn)的手"是指(價(jià)格調(diào)整)資源的配置機(jī)制。本文嘗試著挑戰(zhàn)主流經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的這一解釋。通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)梳理和對(duì)《國(guó)富論》的全面解讀和分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn):"看不見(jiàn)的手"并非是指市場(chǎng)的資源配置機(jī)制,而是指建立在資本主義獨(dú)特產(chǎn)權(quán)制度上的脅迫式的激勵(lì)機(jī)制。由于這種脅迫式的激勵(lì)機(jī)制并不光彩,倫理上缺乏正當(dāng)性,亞當(dāng)·斯密并不愿意過(guò)多提及它。中國(guó)的改革開(kāi)放始于產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革,這種改革通過(guò)釋放人性,激活人們追逐美好生活的欲望;通過(guò)市場(chǎng)和生存競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力,激活組織和個(gè)體競(jìng)爭(zhēng)活力;通過(guò)價(jià)值的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制,激發(fā)人們參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的積極性。因此,本研究認(rèn)為:這種釋放活力的激勵(lì)機(jī)制是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高增長(zhǎng)奇跡的根本性動(dòng)因。
The explanations of the miracle of China's high economic growth generally focus on improving the efficiency of resource allocation,and pay little attention to the improvement of the overall incentive mechanism of China's economy through reform and opening up.Such a research style,which only focuses on resource allocation mechanism but neglects incentive mechanism,is largely influenced by the interpretation of"invisible hand"of mainstream economics,that is,"invisible hand"refers to the resource allocation mechanism(i.e.price adjustment).This paper attempts to challenge this interpretation of mainstream economics.Through literature review and comprehensive interpretation and analysis of The Wealth of Nations,we find that"invisible hand"does not refer to the resource allocation mechanism of the market,but refers to the coercive incentive mechanism based on the unique property rights system of capitalism.Because this coercive incentive mechanism is not glorious and lacks ethical legitimacy,Adam Smith is reluctant to mention it too much.China's reform and opening up is also a reform of property rights system,which stimulates people's desire to pursue a better life by releasing human nature;activates the competitive vitality of firms and individuals through the survival competitive pressure of markets;and stimulates people's enthusiasm to participate in economic activities through the self realization mechanism of value.We believe that this is the fundamental driving force behind the miracle of China's high economic growth.